It is uncertain when Obutong was founded but most Efik scholars hypothesize that it was founded in the 16th century. EKPE SOCIETY - Blogger PDF Cuban Abakua Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). Photo by Eli Bentor. [5] During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief). ekpe society cameroon - AllInsuranceInfo.org The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. That it was through the Qua [an Ejagham or Ekoi stock], that the secret of Ekpe cult diffused to Calabar. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. The Efik Language and Its Future. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. Write the meaning in the blank. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake. The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. AHR ~ 125 While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. wikipedia.en/Akpakip_Oro.md at main chinapedia/wikipedia.en The Ekale Dancers from South-West Cameroon - YouTube Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. ekpe society cameroon - workex.jobs As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15). In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight. African art - Igbo | Britannica Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. Read More mask There are two distinct but related societies. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". (Ed.). During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script - Culture (3) - Nigeria Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e. Nsbd: An Indigenous Language of Communication in the Cross River Ekpe Society - Odinani: The Sacred Arts & Sciences of the Igbo People a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. Nigeria Has Never Exercised Rule Over Bakassi Even in Traditional Society Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. You are using an out of date browser. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. 4. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. the Ekpe society. Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society - YouTube Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. laja Tachiri Obi Ruo gwgw: O Nyefere lasha r Ya The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west. Traditional societies and social change in Nigeria: a study of Ekpe In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. Oroko people - Wikipedia According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik. The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive African literature has been disregarded as serious literature in the past because: Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the ______ script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. What role does religion play in society today? The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people. The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. . Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again. At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository The Ekpe Society. The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. But, Ekpe in the course of the colonial period underwent a wide range of fundamental changes in their structure, roles, status . These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. Efik Traditional Attires The Efik are an ethnic group - RefinedNG Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. Posted on March 01, 2015 Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Additional Touches Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. Photo by Eli Bentor. (1985). [59] According to Rev. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Hope all is well. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities. Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink.
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EKPE SOCIETY - Blogger
PDF Cuban Abakua Chants: Examining New Linguistic and Historical Evidence These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). Photo by Eli Bentor. [5] During the colonial era, The Efik language was the only language taught in schools in many parts of the present-day Cross River and Akwa Ibom state. This created a need for Ekpe DC to have a full Ayamba Nkanda (Nkanda Chief).
ekpe society cameroon - AllInsuranceInfo.org The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile.
Walt Disney World at 50: The History of Disney's - Disney Matters Upon leaving the Cameroon territory, the Ibibio arrived at their present location following two major directions. That it was through the Qua [an Ejagham or Ekoi stock], that the secret of Ekpe cult diffused to Calabar. Black Spirituality / Religion - General Discussion, http://odinanilawsofnature.wordpress.com/2010/11/10/finding-god-in-nature/, http://tourismafricana.com/origin-history-ekpe-soceity.html. Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. The Efik Language and Its Future. Ekpe Society Emblem, Ejaham, Cameroon Dog Fetish, Vili, Congo Mlbuya (sickness) mask, Pende, Zaire Nimba Mask, Baga, Guinea Picasso Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Les Demoiselles d'Avignon, 1907 (detail) Bust of a Woman, 1931 Tte de taureau (Bull's Head), 1942 La chvre (The goat) 1950 Other references [9] The largest group moved to Creek town from Ndodoghi led by the priest-king Eyo Ema Atai.[38]. Write the meaning in the blank. After the Efik had settled at Ikpa Ene, a party of men from Uruan arrived at Ikpa Ene. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth".
African Voices on Slavery and the Slave Trade: Volume 1, The Sources Aye in 2000 does not mention the Efut as being the primary occupants. Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. Sunjata's aunt, Tenenba Conde, childless herself, must raise the child Fakoli, son of Kosiya Kante, after Kosiya sacrifices herself for her brother's sake.
The Ekpe Masquerade Secret Cult of Efik People Of Nigeria The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . Imbued with transcendental aura, ukara conveys the sacrality and prestige of the Ekpe secret society. AHR ~ 125 While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. The main proponents of what is described as "Palestinean origin" is Eyo Okon Akak who wrote the book, "The Palestine origin of the Efik". The Ekpe is a men's society found in Abiriba, Aro-chukwu, Ohafia and many other Bende communities in Igbo land, it is a variation of the important Egbo Ejagham ( Ekoi) in the Upper Cross-River as well as the Efik Ekpe Society of Calabar. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . Several accounts have been given on the migration from Creek town to Obutong. Membership in the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society, for example, available to wealthy men who can meet the expense involved, confers high social status and political authority; these men participate in ceremonies concerned with ancestral spirits and are believed to protect the community through magic and religious ritual. [62][63] The first missionaries arrived in 1846. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . The missionaries who arrived in 1846 contributed to the changes in women's attire in Efik society. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey.
wikipedia.en/Akpakip_Oro.md at main chinapedia/wikipedia.en The Ekale Dancers from South-West Cameroon - YouTube Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society.
ekpe society cameroon - workex.jobs As Sidney Kasfir has pointed to (in reference to the Ekpe society in southeastern Nigeria and adjoining Cameroon), material, performative, and ritual structures in masking are not fused together but can be used to different ends and can travel different paths ( Kasfir 2019: 15).
In the Song of Ocol, Lawino's husband gives his side, arguing that: Ocol throws Lawino out of his house because: Ocol says that "__________________________ are chains around the neck, chains of slavery". The earliest documented letter to an English captain from a chief of Old Calabar was written in 1770. Prior to the arrival of the missionaries in 1846, many Efik traders were fluent in English and a number of African and European languages. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Archaeological evidence found that the group was extremely advanced in education for its time, and headed the construction of the Valley of the Kings. They migrated from Bateka and settled in their current location in flight.
African art - Igbo | Britannica Resume: La communaure cubaine Abakua-descendantedes communautes :EB:k Ekpe et Ejagham ~gbedu Sud Est du Nigeria etdu Sud Ouest du Cameroun-a ete fondee ala Havane dans les annees 1830 par des leaders captures des villages de Cross River. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. Read More mask There are two distinct but related societies. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. [58] Antera Duke also known as Ntiero Edem Efiom was an Efik trader whose diary reveals several daily activities in Old Calabar between 1785 and 1788. The Neegee or Crocodile Society is considered evil by the Poro and Sande groups. Lawino says that her husband's house is a "dark forest of _______________________". (Ed.). During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny.
Nsibidi: The Original Nigerian Writing Script - Culture (3) - Nigeria Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . Oral tradition has it that the Efik arrived Uruan in four groups i.e.
Nsbd: An Indigenous Language of Communication in the Cross River Ekpe Society - Odinani: The Sacred Arts & Sciences of the Igbo People a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College.
Nigeria Has Never Exercised Rule Over Bakassi Even in Traditional Society Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. You are using an out of date browser. It was found in operation among a tribe down the coast towards Camaroons, but was improved and extended in its new field of operations.[60]. [52] The missionaries respected the native law but the European Captains acted rashly and desired that an example be set on Obutong. Oral tradition holds that a type of clothing known as "Itu ita" was the earliest fabric imported into Old Calabar. Efik society consists of various clans which were originally known as "Esien Efik itiaba" (English: Seven clans of Efik) and later known in the 21st century as "Esien Efik Duopeba" (English: Twelve clans of Efik). The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. [44][52] Aye uses Adiaha Etim Anwa's ballad as one of the basis for his hypothesis. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. [77] The fibre of the leaf-stalk of a palm was made into a thread and woven to make clothes and bags. [78] Raffia palm clothing (Efik: f Ndam) could also be exported from other communities especially when a community made the best raffia clothing. The earliest proponent of the Igbo origin was William Baikie who stated in his 1856 publication, "All the coast dialects from One to Old Kalabar, are, either directly or indirectly, connected with Igbo, which later Dr Latham informs me is certainly related to the Kafir class". The primary society is located in the Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Arochukwu areas of Nigeria, and the secondary society consists of members from the Southern and Eastern Igbo groups of the same country. 4. [45] internal dissensions and population expansion led to the movement of several families from Creek Town to Obutong, Atakpa, Nsidung and Ekoretonko.
NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. In addition to ritual propitiation of forest spirits to ensure the well-being of the community, this graded secret male society made and enforced laws by fines, capital punishment, or boycotts; judged cases; maintained internal peace; and served as the executive. the Ekpe society.
Ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Secret Society - YouTube Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar.
laja Tachiri Obi Ruo gwgw: O Nyefere lasha r Ya The most popular migration account within the Nigerian space asserts that the Efik people lived at Ibom in the present-day Arochukwu and migrated from Ibom to Uruan. The papers include photographs, audio and video recordings, publications, correspondence and printed material primarily relating to Miller's study of the linguistic, musical and ritual influence of West African kp society (predominantly in Nigeria and Cameroon) on . An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. [61] These papers were signed by the reigning monarchs of Creek town and Duke town who were Eyo Honesty II and Eyamba V.[61] King Eyamba and King Eyo had written letters to the British requesting that they bring in teachers to teach them trade and commerce and missionaries to aid them to know more about God. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. In the culture we have discussed, the term dalilu refers to: an individual's personal power, knowledge, or ability, inborn but enhanced and developed through training and experience. What I want for dollar side is a fine coat and sword all same I tell you and the rest in copper rods. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. [45] Eyo Ema's people occupied Otung in the south of Creek Town, Adim Atai and Ukpong Atai occupied the east and Efiom Ekpo's family occupied the Adakuko in the west.
Traditional societies and social change in Nigeria: a study of Ekpe In its vastness, the Ekpe is a well structured society with semi-caste characteristics, in that, there are categories and titles which one may qualify to be initiated into, while others are strictly reserved for persons of certain status and backgrounds. [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements.
Oroko people - Wikipedia According to Asuquo, Asibong Eso of Obutong was Old King Robin; Ekpenyong Efa of Adiabo was King John; Ani Eniang Nkot of Mbiabo Ikoneto was Robin King Agbisherea; Oku Ukpong Eton Ani of Mbiabo Ikot Offiong was William King Agbisherea; while Ukorebi Neneng Esien Ndem Ndem of Obomitiat Ikoneto was King Ebrero[55]. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. (b) Analyze Cause and Effect: What events prevent their success? Jeffreys also stated, "There is reason to believe that a considerable portion of a small Ibibio clan called Ebrutu or Eburutu was the earliest stock of the Efik; for, when the missionaries settled in 1846 at Old Calabar amongst these people for the first time, it was found that they called themselves not Efik but Ebrutu or Ebrutu Efik.
The Social Significance and Implications of the Ekpe - PhilArchive African literature has been disregarded as serious literature in the past because: Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the ______ script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. What role does religion play in society today? The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. society to its Caribbean incarnation, which has deeply influenced Cuba's creative energy and popular consciousness. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. Another theory which is narrated by Forde and Jones states that the name "Efik" translates to "Tyrants" or "He who oppresses" and was the name of which the Efik called themselves after they had settled at Creek town.[12]. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. [53] Some of the kings have been identified in the past by Etubom Ukorebi Ukorebi Asuquo in Aye's Efik people.
The Ekpe Masquerade - SlideShare The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. . Now we can't sell slaves again we must have too much man for country; and want something for make work and trade, and if we could get seed for cotton and coffee we could make trade. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. Other trading items sold by the Efik included rubber, ivory, barwood and redwood. Opinions expressed belong solely to the author and do not represent the views of other Members, Management, or the Community at large. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations "Hakuna Matata" (No More Worries) - Integrating Indigenous Systems of Conflict Resolution into the Formal System of Government Administration in Cameroon: Case Study of the Ekpe Society of Manyu Division Stephen O. Agbor, Nova Southeastern University Follow Date of Award 2017 Animals such as goats, chicken and dogs are consumed in Efik cuisine. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. It was worth every penny and made me feel like a kid again.
At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. Jeffreys states that a disruption among the Okobo around the town of Ekeya in the Eket district led to the founding of Obutong. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository The Ekpe Society. The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. Instead, each settlement had its own lodge of the initiation society called kp, or "leopard," which was the highest indigenous authority. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. Due to the role they played during the era of the triangular trade, their prominence in literature and art, there has been a lot of academic scholarship on the people. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. But, Ekpe in the course of the colonial period underwent a wide range of fundamental changes in their structure, roles, status . These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants.
Efik Traditional Attires The Efik are an ethnic group - RefinedNG Prior to 1905, Old Calabar was a term used to describe the Efik settlements of Duke Town, Creek Town, Old town, Cobham town, Henshaw town, Adiabo and Mbiabo (consisting of Mbiabo edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong and Mbiabo Ikoneto). Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). Efik traders played a major role during the era of the Transatlantic slave trade. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Wake Keeping, Viewing and service in Dallas, Texas. Alcoholic content may be increased via adding the red bark of Edat (Sacoglottis gabonensis) to the wine. The designs are part of a dynamic language known as nsibidi, which uses image and gestural performance to communicate knowledge guarded by society members. According to Historians, this technique of indigo-dyeing was developed in the Dogon kingdom in Mali (West Africa) dating back to the 11th century. Prior to the introduction of industrialised cubic-shaped seasonings such as maggi and know, Crayfish was used to make meals more spicy. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. The dress is often worn with ornaments such as necklaces and earrings made of coral beads. Posted on March 01, 2015 Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. [47], By the seventeenth century, more Efik settlements had been founded. [32] At night when everyone had gone to sleep, the men from Uruan rose up and began to slaughter their hosts. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. Additional Touches Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. Among these secret societies were Ekpe, Obon and Nsibidi. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. Photo by Eli Bentor. (1985). [59] According to Rev. [51] Nsutana was a dreaded island where twins were abandoned to die. Hope all is well. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. [12], The Efik were noted for their involvement in the slave trade were they acted as slave traders and middlemen between the inland slave traders and the Europeans. [72] Iwewe is also regarded as a sacrificial meal often prepared for the Efik deities.
Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa Ekpe society | African secret society | Britannica The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. %20
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