which statement is true regarding the models of abnormality?

When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the: a. id. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: a. social labels and roles. Men with mental illnesses are also less likely to have received mental health treatment than women in the past year. 92. a. d. short-term psychodynamic therapy. Evaluating the humanistic and existential perspectives. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. c. operant conditioning. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). Once the electrical impulse has passed from one segment of the axon to the next, the neuron begins the process of resetting called repolarization. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. 22. b. focusing on the here and now. Models of abnormality - Wikipedia Dont worry. b. existential therapy. a. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Figure 2.8. Freud considered the talking cure of Anna O. to be the origin of psychoanalytic therapy and what would come to be called the cathartic method. Over time, he begins to understand how events in his early life have impacted how he functions now. a. focused primarily on unconscious thoughts, instincts, and conflict. c. helping the client gain insight into his or her unconscious desires and needs. Try figuring out if you genuinely do not have time to go to the gym by recording what you do each day and then look at open times of the day. Bacterial and viral infections. Humans have several of these reflexes, though not as many as other animals due to our more complicated nervous system. First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. d. One-fourth of all treated couples eventually separate or divorce. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. 91. Check out the following from Harvard Health for more on depression and the brain as a cause: Other Books in the Discovering Psychology Series, Module 3: Clinical Assessment, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Module 5: Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders, Module 9: Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, Module 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders, Module 12: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders, Module 15: Contemporary Issues in Psychopathology, Instructor Resources Instructions - READ FIRST, 2.1. b. hypotheses. PSYCH205-FinalExam-Answers d. client-centered therapy. Next, the children are placed in a room with several toys in it. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. In fact, in many college classrooms, this is exactly what the instructor does. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality?, Which of the following is a particular strength of the clinical interview process?, Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:, What requires a client to view one inkblot card at a time and describe what he or she sees in the image? The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: a. clone a mammal. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? A patient has loss of neurons in the cortex and the basal ganglia. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. You might say neurotransmitters are part of a lock-and-key system. Fortunately, the work of George Miller, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, and Ulrich Neisser demonstrated the importance of cognitive abilities in understanding thoughts, behaviors, and emotions, and in the case of psychopathology, show that people can create their problems by how they come to interpret events experienced in the world around them. d. self-aware. Rita is seeing a gestalt therapist because she has anxiety about confronting her sister regarding painful interactions from their childhood. The next morning, researchers placed a hungry cat in the puzzle box and set a small amount of food outside the box, just close enough to be smelled. 63. 80. As noted earlier, the idea of people being machines, called mechanism, was a key feature of behaviorism and other schools of thought in psychology until about the 1960s or 1970s. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? d. quaternary prevention. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. d. hormone therapy. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. Briefly, these included: The article also suggested a few non-cognitive restructuring techniques, including mindfulness meditation and self-compassion. 2.3.1.3. Mood stabilizers are used to treat bipolar disorder and, at times, depression, schizoaffective disorder, and disorders of impulse control. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. 116. For communication, decide if the problem is related to speaking, listening, or both and then develop a plan for use in various interpersonal situations. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. Figure 2.2. c. superego. Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts. d. psychoanalytic therapy. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Key Components of Reinforcement Schedules. More on this throughout the book as we discuss each disorder. This strategy teaches social skills, communication, assertiveness through direct instruction, role playing, and modeling. Individuals who are in a long-term relationship. 129. Rates of eating disorders are higher among women than men, though both genders are affected. The response re-emerges. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. We may think so, but a review of the evidence for and against this statement will show that it does not and reduce how threatening it seems. b. Existentialists believe that research isnt necessary, because the effectiveness of existential therapy is already apparent due to its widespread success. The biological model of psychology says that psychological disorders are caused by biological problems. Banduras Classic Experiment. c. gestalt therapy. This model dismisses the effect of nonbiological factors on behavior. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. c. psychosurgery. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). Solved model Curl Rogers and Abraham Maslow focused on the - Chegg c. unconditional positive regard. First, you can use cognitive restructuring, also called rational restructuring, in which maladaptive cognitions are replaced with more adaptive ones. d. displacement. a. depression b. Huntingtons disease c. social anxiety disorder d. schizophrenia. 130. Which model emphasizes the importance of conditioning in determining human actions? Consider where students sit in a class. d. transference. The patient might change the subject, stop talking, or lose his/her train of thought. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. During a therapy session, a client is told to pretend the therapist is her parent and to tell her "parent" why she is angry. They include hunger, thirst, self-preservation, and sex. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. Clarify how multicultural factors affect mental illness. b. unconditional self-regard. As you can learn desirable behaviors such as watching how your father bags groceries at the grocery store (I did this and still bag the same way today), you can learn undesirable ones too. d. object relations theory. 23. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. 1. It provides the strength to fight back or to flee (fight-or-flight instinct). Asking yourself what if something happens, without being satisfied by any of the answers. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. The sympathetic nervous system is involved when a person is intensely aroused. As such, he continues to steal her toys. 103. 3. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. Chapter Recap. Modeling techniques change behavior by having subjects observe a model in a situation that usually causes them some anxiety. This could be a single factor such as a chemical imbalance in the brain, relationship with a parent, socioeconomic status (SES), a fearful event encountered during middle childhood, or the way in which the individual copes with lifes stressors. a. psychodynamic Which of the following is an argument of critics of the evolutionary perspective? Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. According to the cognitive-behavioral model, this is an example of _____ behavior. According to psychoanalysis, which statement is TRUE of psychological conflicts? First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. b. c. explain the connection between religious practices and mental health. Criticisms. When a young child yells and throws toys (i.e., throws a temper tantrum), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. The model of abnormality that examines the effects of society and culture is the _____ model. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. Types include habituation, or when we simply stop responding to repetitive and harmless stimuli in our environment such as a fan running in your laptop as you work on a paper, and sensitization, or when our reactions are increased due to a strong stimulus, such as an individual who experienced a mugging and now panics when someone walks up behind him/her on the street. a. psychodynamic b. sociocultural c. humanist-existential d. cognitive-behavioral. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? It exists in the nucleus of each cell, packaged in threadlike structures known as chromosomes, for which we have 23 pairs or 46 total. c. deep brain stimulation. as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. a. modeling. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. There are also certain types of disorders that are unique to women. d. psychotropic treatment. 2.3.2.2. b. family structure and communication. The existential perspective. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. c. it pays too little attention to the role early life experiences. According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI), cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on exploring relationships among a persons thoughts, feelings and behaviors. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Hence, this phenomenon is called spontaneous recovery. d. it is too narrow in certain ways. d. people who avoid responsibility for their lives and decisions live inauthentic lives. Explain the need for a multi-dimensional model of abnormality. Bertha, known in published case studies as Anna O., was expected to complete the formal education typical of upper-middle-class girls, which included foreign language, religion, horseback riding, needlepoint, and piano. Depression occurs with greater frequency in women than men. The fundamental unit of the nervous system is the neuron, or nerve cell (See Figure 2.3). 95. Evaluate the usefulness of psychodynamic theory. Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people: a. without any religious belief are the healthiest. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. b. sociocultural b. laissez-faire parenting style. This is an example of: The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. This is an example of: a. shaping. Within the context of psychopathology, the behavioral perspective is useful because explains maladaptive behavior in terms of learning gone awry. When I was about eight years old, I would walk up the street in my neighborhood, saying, Im Chicken Little and you cant hurt me. Most ignored me, but some gave me the attention I was seeking, a positive reinforcer. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? a. gestalt A goal of behavior-focused therapy is to: a. prevent feelings of anger and acts of aggression. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. d. Each model views childhood trauma as a factor contributing to abnormal behavior. ADHD is more common in males than females, though females are more likely to have inattention issues. a. existential What happens at the synapse during neural transmission? b. delusional thinking. c. axons. 150. d. only one factorstress or predispositionis necessary for abnormality to occur. Outline respondent conditioning and the work of Pavlov and Watson. Proponents of the biological model view mental illness as being a result of a malfunction in the body to include issues with brain anatomy or chemistry. 39. The type of reinforcer or punisher we use is crucial. Behaviorism is the school of thought associated with learning that began in 1913 with the publication of John B. Watsons article, Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It, in the journal Psychological Review (Watson, 1913). First, libido is the psychic energy that drives a person to pleasurable thoughts and behaviors. Acceptance and commitment therapy borrows heavily from _____, which teaches individuals to pay attention to the thoughts and feelings that are flowing through their minds, and to accept their thoughts in a nonjudgmental way. Treatments related to the biological model include drugs, ECT, and psychosurgery. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. Which type of theorist would focus on the athlete's illogical thinking process as a key factor in her subsequent poor performance? Once the electrical impulse reaches the end of the axon, called the axon terminal, it stimulates synaptic vesicles or neurotransmitter sacs to release the neurotransmitter. 2.2.2.3. 164. b. develop depression even when not under stress. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. The point where this occurs is called the synapse. b. secondary prevention. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them.

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