bantu expansion genocide

The Ottoman Empire allied with the Central Powers during WWI, and, of course, the German defeat in that war brought the Ottoman Empire down with it. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. The question is rather whether Muslim nationalists were to blame for demanding a two-state solution, whether Hindu nationalists were to blame for allowing it, or whether the British were to blame for leaving India knowing that genocide was inevitable. "useRatesEcommerce": false Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Their two-metre-long assegais were no match for the Zulus' iKlwa, and they died in their hundreds. It has been proposed that this is the remnant of an independent western Batwa (Mbenga or "Baaka") language.[20]. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. Also when the Portuguese started buying slaves from Africa the Bantu Expansion was given a new boost. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. PEOPLE OF AFRICA - The Diversity of African People | African Race 24 Theal, G. M., Records of South-East Africa (Capetown, 18981903), vols. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. Just for the sake of background, the former, the Bantu people, form the vast majority of the African population and are typically described as Negroid, or Congoid, their origins being in the region of the Congo and the Niger Delta. Render date: 2023-03-04T14:32:22.407Z Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. The Germans found both of these races difficult to integrate into their colonial economy, simply because they were inimical to labor and were often nomadic in lifestyle. The first waves consisted of Southern Cushitic speakers, who settled around Lake Turkana and parts of Tanzania beginning around 5,000 years ago. No its not and its a common talking point of settlers in south africa to "legitimize" their presence in south africa, im nkt a professional historian so youd best ask real historians at r/history or r/askhistorians. Vaguely the idea was to purify the races under German control, and create thus a race-worthy of European domination. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. Check your inbox or spam folder to confirm your subscription. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The Bantu first originated around the Benue-Cross rivers area in southeastern Nigeria and spread over Africa to the Zambia area. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. They suffered a genocide, at the hands of europeans and bantu peoples. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. By Ellen Rubin. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. Was the Bantu expansion or migration a genocide? - Quora The migrants settled in three primary areas. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. I did not know this at first but another historical Reddit page took my question down because of it. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Of course not. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Archaeologists have found physical evidence of the migration in pottery, iron-smelting technology, and subsistence farming techniques that originated in the Bantu West African region, creating a timeline of movement across the continent. Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? Archaeological findings have shown that by 100 BC to 300 AD, Bantu speaking communities were present at the coastal areas of Misasa in Tanzania and Kwale in Kenya. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. Nope, it was the English colonizers who killed the Khoisan or San people. and were massacred in great numbers by Dutch, British, and German settlers in acts of genocide (e.g. The Shum Laka people survived for at least 1,000 years in the heart of Bantu country. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. On Tuesday, August 14, 1947, Pakistan was proclaimed independent from Britain, and a day later, India followed suit. Archaeologies of the Bantu Expansion | The Oxford Handbook of African The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. cit. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. Genocide of the Khoisan people (country, life, speak, quality View all Google Scholar citations The Extinct "Ghost Modern" Race of Africa and the Bantu Expansion Genocide Bambuti | Pygmy groups | Britannica Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. It must be remembered that the rise of Nazi Germany can be attributed to the terms of the peace imposed on imperial Germany in the aftermath of WWI. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. Cities were emptied out, and anyone conforming to this broad definition of the enemy was consigned to labor camps in the countryside. No it is a white supremacist talking point that doesn't make a lot of sense. Simon Webb's take on anything to do with African histories and cultures is mostly bunk. The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. For a year, the Ndwandwe licked their wounds. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Now the others are minorities this was not at all a targeted effort so there is no reason to call it a genocide. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Africa's World War: The Congo War - History Guild Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. As the genocide progressed, survival was determined simply by an individuals ability to do work on the collective farms. But Pol Pot was not alone in perpetuating the horrors of his rule. Roberts, A. D. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. If it was not Continue Reading 26 18 Matt Jennings Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. On the western extremities of the southern African subcontinent lies the nation of Namibia, known until independence as South West Africa, and prior to that as German South West Africa. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. If you would like to reproduce it please get in touch via this form. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. You do not currently have access to this chapter. [28] Where Bantu was adopted via language shift of existing populations, prior African languages were spoken, probably from African language families that are now lost, except as substrate influences of local Bantu languages (such as click sounds in local Bantu languages). 7 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa (1965), 46.Google Scholar, 8 Cf. Here, conditions of physical abuse, disease, exhaustion, and starvation began to claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. Genetic and Demographic Implications of the Bantu Expansion: Insights Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. Population collapse in Congo rainforest from 400 CE urges - Science Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. Postulated millennia-long series of migrations. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. Historians believe the migration was splintered in small groups not large conquering hordes that separated and settled in new regions. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. 10 of the Most Heinous and Heartbreaking Genocides in History } The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. The discussion concludes that the Bantu phenomenon is best understood as a colonisation, migration, expansion, dispersal, or diffusion. At the time, the attention of the world tended to be focused on the events of WWI. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. [21], Khoisan-speaking hunter-gatherers also inhabited Southeast Africa before the Bantu expansion. The name associated with this phase of South East Asian history is Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, a name that still resonates as the personification of evil. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. These two widely held beliefs are critically assessed here. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. READ: The Spread of Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Bantu Migration Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. The military government solicited the aid of the United States, and a heavy-handed US response included a massive bombing during 1973, killing some 300,000 people. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Will Bantu Supremacy in South Africa Spark Another "Rwandan Genocide The Russians, of course, be it in WWI or WWII, always did big numbers, but this certainly was a big one. fall into the classification of genocide. In addition to their stature, they also differ in blood type from their Bantu- and Sudanic-speaking agriculturalist neighbours, and they are probably the earliest . These were, and are the Bantu and the Koi-koi, or Khoisan. Yeah, Bantu expanded around 1500 years or so and did a little genociding of the Khoisans and pygmies in the area. This movement sought not only to replace the traditional leadership of the empire with the constitutional government but also to expand and solidify Muslim Turkish control of central and eastern Anatolia. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. However, this estimated expansion time could represent an underestimation and may simply show the expansion of a subset of the diversity within haplogroup R1b1* to west Central Africa through the Bantu expansion, having been shown to be especially frequent in northern Cameroon, near the putative Bantu expansion origin (Cruciani et al. . hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide.

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