the following describe internal states of symptoms except

They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). 1. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders, Identify the neurotransmitter systems impacted by various categories of drugs, Describe how different categories of drugs affect behavior and experience, Understand the similarities and differences of hypnosis and meditation. This chapter will discuss states of consciousness with a particular emphasis on sleep. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). . Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. Disorganized Thinking. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. Psychology 2e by Openstax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Thirst. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. High doses can cause death due to respiratory depression. 22. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Rotating shift work has pervasive effects on the lives and experiences of individuals engaged in that kind of work, which is clearly illustrated in stories reported in a qualitative study that researched the experiences of middle-aged nurses who worked rotating shifts (West, Boughton & Byrnes, 2009). (credit: Laurie Avocado). MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. week 3 midterm 1.docx - Question 1 1 / 1 pts John has been The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. As we grow older, we sleep less. They were ALL my fault. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. While the possession and use of marijuana remain illegal in many states, it is now legal to possess limited quantities of marijuana for recreational use in eleven states: Alaska, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont, and Washington. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. By the late 19th century, German psychiatrist SigmundFreudhad become convinced that dreams represented an opportunity to gain access to the unconscious. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. Typically, individuals suffering from night terrors will fall back asleep again within a short time. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support.

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