why did the zhou dynasty last so long

The armies campaigned in the northern Loess Plateau, modern Ningxia and the Yellow River floodplain. He held this title (duke) and fief (Qi) because his distant ancestor had served as a commander under King Wu during the Zhou founding. If those who lead do so by virtue and conduct themselves according to rules of propriety, people will learn from them and develop a sense of honor and shame. During the turmoil of the Warring States period, however, other individuals developed a philosophy very different from Confucianism called Daoism. ), known as the Western Zhou (1046-771 B.C. The Shang Dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of China to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. All warfare is deception, Master Sun states. This was King Wen (Cultured King), a ruler revered as the founder of the Zhou dynasty. To support the empire in the east and its loyal feudal rulers, an eastern capital was built at Luoyang on the middle reaches of the Huang He. This official document defined times for undertaking agricultural activities and celebrating rituals. A truly noble person is one who puts what is right before personal gain and the desire for wealth and fame. The Analects not only shows a serious and learned man, but also someone capable in archery and horsemanship, who loved music and ritual, and who untiringly travelled the feudal states in the hopes of serving in a lords retinue (see Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). At various times they were a friendly tributary state to the Shang, alternatively warring with them. However, a rebellion broke out before the whole Shang territory could be consolidated by the Zhou. secondlyexegesis in the Han dynasty was denied at lastthey denied deifying Confucius.These sequential denials were completed at last in the May Fourth cultural movementwhich was seen as the turning point of the modern period.AsOn New Democracy[by Mao Zedong]puts itthe May Fourth Movement was the source of the revolutionary energy . At their royal palaces, Zhou kings conducted ceremonies of investiture during which they sacrificed to Heaven and the spirits of deceased ancestors, held banquets, and then bestowed noble titles and grants of land upon members of the royal family and relatives by marriage. Daoists even entertained the idea that one could become immortal. 'enfeoffment and establishment') was a political ideology and governance system in ancient China, whose social structure formed a decentralized system of confederation -like government [1] based on the ruling class consisting of the Son of Heaven (king) and nobles, and the lower class consisting of . Confucius lived just prior to the Warring States Period (551-479 BCE). The rulers of this epoch were no strangers to battle, but they also created an environment where fascinating and long-standing cultural elements thrived. Peripheral territories developed local power and prestige on par with that of the Zhou. The Mandate of Heaven ( Tianming ), also known as Heaven's Mandate, was the divine source of authority and the right to rule of China 's early kings and emperors. According to one passage, a lord once asked one of Confuciuss students about his master, but the student fell silent. [9][10] Qi was a culture hero credited with surviving three abandonments by his mother and with greatly improving agriculture,[9] to the point where he was granted lordship over Tai, the surname Ji, and the title Houji "Lord of Millet", by the Emperor Shun. After announcing the impending campaign at the ancestral temple, a lord and his kinsmen, accompanied by farmer foot soldiers, would proceed in their chariots to a prearranged location and engage in a skirmish. Hence, when able to attack, we must seem unable; when using our forces, we must seem inactive; when we are near, we must make the enemy believe we are far away; when far away, we must make him believe we are near.. After the Xia and Shang, the next major dynasty in Chinese history is the Zhou Dynasty (1045 256 BCE). [52] King Xiang of Zhou also married a Di princess after receiving Di military support. Later kings' campaigns were less effective. The partition of Jin in the mid-5th century BC initiated a second phase, the "Warring States". NB: Dates in Chinese history before the first year of the Gonghe Regency in 841 BC are contentious and vary by source. For example, a piece of land was divided into nine squares in the well-field system, with the grain from the middle square taken by the government and that of surrounding squares kept by individual farmers. But they fought even more fiercely. As opposed to serving a lesson to and resolving some dispute with another lord, these self-declared kings waged war to destroy them and take their land. [35] When King You demoted and exiled his Jiang queen in favor of the beautiful commoner Bao Si, the disgraced queen's father the Marquis of Shen joined with Zeng and the Quanrong barbarians to sack Hao in 771 BC. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. In 1046 BCE, a Zhou king overthrew the last Shang ruler and established control over much of north China. In the early centuries of Zhou rule, during the Western Zhou (1046 771 BCE), Zhou kings dispatched kinsmen to territories he granted to them (see Map \(\PageIndex{1}\)). Because of this, the Zhou moved their capital city east to the North China Plain. These nobles were allowed to rule their own lands hereditarily, so long as they observed certain obligations to their king. [21] At the same time, the Zhou may also have been connected to the Xirong, a broadly defined cultural group to the west of the Shang, which the Shang regarded as tributaries. The dukedom fell in 249 BC. Those who belonged to it are Confuciansindividuals distinguished by their commitment to the ideas articulated by Confucius, classical learning, and the value they place on character and conduct as the key to a good society and political order. Kings also militarized their kingdoms landscapes by building forts at strategically critical passes, walls to mark off boundaries, and watchtowers to signal the enemys approach. Upon being elected as their leader, the Zhou king conferred the title of hegemon. ), Shaughnessy, E. L. "Historical Perspectives on the Introduction of the Chariot in China" in, The ramage system in China and Polynesia Li Hwei, Tao, Hsi-Sheng. Why did Qin build the Great Wall of China? Among them, the most successful was the state of Qin, which eventually conquered all of China and became an empire. Stratagem is critical. Many of its members were Shang, who were sometimes forcibly transported to new Zhou to produce the bronze ritual objects which were then sold and distributed across the lands, symbolizing Zhou legitimacy.[38]. Young men should be filial at home and respectful to their elders when away from home. (1.6) Filial piety is central to Confuciuss thought. The Warring States Period started from 475 BC and ended in 221 BC. The term Huj was probably a hereditary title attached to a lineage. The military prowess of Zhou peaked during the 19th year of King Zhao's reign, when the six armies were wiped out along with King Zhao on a campaign around the Han River. This political theory, which is known as the Mandate of Heaven, would also be used by founders of later dynasties to justify their actions, as well as by theorists to explain the rise and fall of dynasties. Under this system, it was the prerogative of spiritual authority to withdraw support from any wayward ruler and to find another, more worthy one. They found that to make a empire beloved by its people, you should be nice to them. Brashier writes in his book "Ancestral Memory in Early China" about the tsung-fa system of patrilineal primogeniture: "The greater lineage, if it has survived, is the direct succession from father to eldest son and is not defined via the collateral shifts of the lesser lineages. In addition to these rulers, King Wu's immediate ancestors Danfu, Jili, and Wen are also referred to as "Kings of Zhou", despite having been nominal vassals of the Shang kings. Their embryonic bureaucracies included such features as a system of official posts, salaries paid in grain and gifts, administrative codes, and methods for measuring a servants performance. Legal. The army of the state of Qin captures the city of Chengzhou and the last Zhou ruler, King Nan, is killed. Some important manufacturing sectors during this period included bronze smelting, which was integral to making weapons and farming tools. Zhou Dynasty Timeline. 2. In 771 BCE, in what became a telling sign of weakness, the Zhou king was murdered and his young successor was compelled to relocate farther east, to a capital closer to the heart of the North China Plain. His father died about the time Confucius was born, and he was raised by his mother, who also passed away when Confucius was young. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In brief, Zhou kings ability to control the noble lords diminished over time, and their prestige suffered accordingly. [32] Furthermore, he countered Zhou's crisis of legitimacy by expounding the doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven while accommodating important Shang rituals at Wangcheng and Chengzhou.[34]. However, with the onset of the Warring States Period in the fifth century BCE, the level of violence was no longer contained by the hegemon system and codes of chivalry. The last Shang king, Shang Zhou, was a nasty sort of fellow, far different from his predecessor Cheng Tang. The beginning date of the Zhou has long been debated. As a vassal of the Shang kings Wu Yi and Wen Ding, Jili went to conquer several Xirong tribes before being treacherously killed by Shang forces. Over time, ties of kinship lost their meaning. The Eastern Zhou was characterized by an accelerating collapse of royal authority, although the king's ritual importance allowed over five more centuries of rule. Whoosh! There were two principal reasons for this. Over the course of the first millennium CE, Daoism became a popular and institutionalized religion. The principal purpose of these Daoists was to attend to a persons physical and psychological well-being. Decorum was important to Confucius. [8] The latter period of the Zhou dynasty is also famous for the beginnings of three major Chinese philosophies: Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism. One is to create a unified dynasty, and the other is to make the name of a country exclusive to the nation for the first time. Over the long course of this half millennium, Zhou nobility engaged in escalating warfare with each other over matters small and large. In discussions that demarcate between trunk and collateral lines, the former is called a zong and the latter a zu, whereas the whole lineage is dubbed the shi. Two major philosophical traditions emerged to address these issues: Confucianism and Daoism. He taught how a person becomes moral because a good society only develops when composed of and led by virtuous people. Zhou dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Chou, dynasty that ruled ancient China for some eight centuries, establishing the distinctive political and cultural characteristics that were to be identified with China for the next two millennia. Again, these industries were dominated by the nobility who directed the production of such materials. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Historians call this method of governing Zhou kinship feudalism. There was also a great philosophical flowering: the schools of Confucianism, Daoism, and legalism developed in that period. Daoist masters, claiming divine inspiration, composed esoteric texts for their followers that explained how the natural world originated from a primordial ether (qi) and its division into two polar forces: the yin and yang (see Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). In contrast, the Legalists had no time for Confucian virtue and advocated a system of strict laws and harsh punishments. Although chariots had been introduced to China during the Shang dynasty from Central Asia, the Zhou period saw the first major use of chariots in battle. The system was canonized in the Book of Rites, Zhouli, and Yili compendiums of the Han dynasty (206 BC220 AD), thus becoming the heart of the Chinese imperial ideology. A noble looked for a pretext to engage in a vendetta with another lord, at which point a battle was arranged and then carried out according to the protocols of chivalry. In 1059, upon witnessing five planets align, the Zhou ruler declared himself king and proceeded to engage in military conquests that made his kingdom a . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The "Mandate of Heaven" is an ancient Chinese philosophical concept, which originated during the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 B.C.E.). 3. Han dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Han, the second great imperial dynasty of China (206 bce-220 ce), after the Zhou dynasty (1046-256 bce). The glue that held the Zhou feudal order together was deference to the king and his Mandate and reverence for their shared historyincluding, most importantly, the deceased spirits of their related ancestors. [citation needed], Agriculture in the Zhou dynasty was very intensive and, in many cases, directed by the government. If he does not fulfill his obligations as emperor, then he loses the Mandate and thus, the right to be emperor. [51] Other possible cultural influences resulting from Indo-European contact in this period may include fighting styles, head-and-hooves burials, art motifs and myths. Both the purpose and conduct of warfare changed. bc, Chinadied 1046 bc, China), last sovereign ( c. 1075-46 bc) of the Shang dynasty ( c. 1600-1046 bc ), who, according to legend, lost his empire because of his extreme debauchery. And rather than give those posts to kinsmen, kings appointed men from the lower ranks of the nobility or commoners based on their loyalty and merit. Should a young man learn to be respectful and reverent towards parents and elders, he will become a humane person, and humane people are far more likely to contribute in a positive way to society. Here are a few of the important statements Confucius made, and what they meant: 1. Living in hovels and with little opportunity to leave their lords manors, these farmers were required to work his lands and also to submit a portion of the harvest from their own small farms. In later centuries, the Daoism of these early philosophers was taken in new directions. Ebrey defines the descent-line system as follows: "A great line (ta-tsung) is the line of eldest sons continuing indefinitely from a founding ancestor. The first two had their origins in the later centuries of the Eastern Zhou, while Buddhism only began to arrive from South Asia in the first century C.E. The stability of that arrangement lasted some 200 years before it began to collapse with the increasing local interests of the 20 or more feudal lords. As they did so, their lands evolved into powerful states (see Map \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Daoists also developed communal prayers and rituals that could cure illness, free souls from hell, win blessings from heaven, and eliminate sins from the community. The Zhou kings contended that heaven favored their triumph because the last Shang kings had been evil men whose policies brought pain to the people through waste and corruption. A truly noble person is one who puts what is right before personal gain and the desire for wealth and fame. But it was his son King Wu (Martial King) who brought down the Shang Dynasty. He thought that a golden age existed in the past and wished to transmit the ethical values of that time. However, their enemies' rule did not last long. The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) was among the most culturally significant of the early Chinese dynasties and the longest lasting of any in China's history. Yet, although hegemons maintained a semblance of order, warfare remained constant because it was a way of life for the illustrious lineages of the Zhou realm. The Zhou dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved from the oracle script and bronze script into the seal script, and then finally into an almost-modern form with the use of an archaic clerical script that emerged during the late Warring States period. A lesser line is the line of younger sons going back no more than five generations. They killed the Zhou king and took control of the whole Wei River Valley. He was a cruel emperor that. The Warring States period ended in 221 BCE when the Qin ruler defeated the remaining states and unified the former Zhou realm, initiating a new period in Chinas history. As opposed to serving a lesson to and resolving some dispute with another lord, these selfdeclared kings waged war to destroy them and take their land. The Wuwang emperor continued his father's work and formed a coalition with eight other border states, which defeated the evil last ruler of the Shang. Putting away his emotions, Jing Wudao's right hand flicked in the air, and the flexible sword on the Wu Ji patriarch's back returned to his hand. Any ruler who failed in this duty, who let instability creep into earthly affairs, or who let his people suffer, would lose the mandate. Daoists developed communal prayers and rituals that could cure illness, free souls from hell, win blessings from heaven, and eliminate sins from the community. A person of humanity is, for instance, one who is capable of empathy and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. The most famous of these was Confucius, who taught a system of mutual duty between superiors and inferiors. 1934, Ancestral Memory in Early China Written By K. E. Brashier, The Confucian Transformation of Korea: A Study of Society and Ideology Written By Martina Deuchler, Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon, "Considering Chengzhou ('Completion of Zhou') and Wangcheng ('City of the King')", "Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstruction, version 1.1 (20 September 2014)", "An ABC Exercise in Old Sinitic Lexical Statistics", "Chapter 14 - The Chinese and Their Neighbors in Prehistoric and Early Historic Times", "Ji and Jiang : The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity", Companion Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy, https://books.google.com/books?id=aJAMLt5NYAQC&pg=PA71, https://books.google.com/books?id=NQeeYOyUx64C&pg=PA129, "AEEA Astronomy Education Network ()", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zhou_dynasty&oldid=1138647437, 3rd-century BC disestablishments in China, States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC, States and territories established in the 11th century BC, Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Ancestral temples (size, legitimate number of pavilions), "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 20:30. Over time, Zhou kings ability to control the noble lords diminished over time, and their prestige suffered accordingly. However, in the course of doing so, he reinterpreted the past and imbued the virtues he stressed with rich, new meanings. This Heaven, however, is less a deity than a higher moral order, a kind of beneficent presence. 5. Relocated to Luoyang, King Ping ruled from a much smaller royal domain surrounded by approximately 150 feudal states and their lords. Eventually, a Daoist church developed, with its own ordained priesthood, temples, and monasteries. From there, these illustrious lineages governed a predominantly rural population of farmers living in villages where life was not easy. Western Zhou dynasty replaces the Shang Dynasty in China. Chariot-riding kinsmen and a few thousand foot soldiers no longer met that requirement. That was especially true of works in bronze, in which there was an accelerated deterioration of the variety of shapes, the decoration, and the craftsmanship of casting. Zhou kings remained there for the next five hundred years, during the period called the Eastern Zhou. In victory, a noble redressed matters of honor and brought glory to his ancestors, something symbolized by the mound of dead enemies placed by his ancestral temple. First, they established a secondary capital farther east at Luoyang [low-yawng], closer to the North China Plain. Qin Emperor Hanwu, Tang Zong and Song Zu. 1046 BCE - 771 BCE. The king and his regent did so by implementing three policies. Lacquerware including gold and silver inlay became finely developed, and bronzework carried on from the great legacy of the Shang. The manual of military strategy and tactics attributed to him stresses the importance of formulating a strategy that insures victory prior to any campaigning. Yet, it would be wrong to conclude that he wasnt religious in any sense, because he frequently spoke of Heaven. As the main focus of his grandiose project, his canal work eventually diverted the waters of the entire Zhang River to a spot further up the Yellow River. It succeeded the Qin dynasty (221-207 bce). In victory, a noble redressed matters of honor and brought glory to his ancestors, something symbolized by the mound of dead enemies placed by his ancestral temple. To govern is to rectify. But these centuries were not only marked by the growth of states and accelerating warfare between them. Confucius chose to become learned and seek office. Those below are those published by XiaShangZhou Chronology Project and Edward L. Shaughnessy's The Absolute Chronology of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Finally, one of those small kingdoms, Qin (from which derives modern Chinas name), succeeded in conquering the rest of the states and establishing the Qin dynasty (221207 bce). Others followed, marking a turning point, as rulers did not even entertain the pretence of being vassals of the Zhou court, instead proclaiming themselves fully independent kingdoms. The final battles were said to have been extremely bloody, and Shang survivors may well have served as Chinese culture bearers to places as far removed as Korea. A noble looked for a pretext to engage in a vendetta with another lord, at which point a battle was arranged and then carried out according to the protocols of chivalry. )%2F04%253A_China_and_East_Asia_to_the_Ming_Dynasty%2F4.07%253A_The_Long_Zhou_Dynasty_(1046-_256_BCE), \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.6: China from Neolithic Village Settlements to the Shang Kingdom, 4.8: The Qin Dynasty and the Transition from Ancient to Imperial China, University System of Georgia via GALILEO Open Learning Materials, 4.7.1: The Western Zhou Dynasty (1046 771 BCE), 4.7.2: The Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 256 BCE) and the Warring States Period (c. 475 221 BCE), 4.7.3: Philosophy in a Time of Turmoil: Confucianism and Daoism, 4.7.3.2: Philosophical and Institutional Daoism, http://brandonqindynasty.weebly.com/9/8580061.jpeg, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. But unexpected events such as solar eclipses or natural calamities threw the ruling house's mandate into question. For a king, however, these men might become an obstacle or pose a threat because they held this land hereditarily. In later centuries, in China, Confucius was revered as a sage and teacher. We return to that topic after reviewing the ideas put forward by philosophers in the context of these centuries of turmoil. The original Zhou capital had been located near present-day Xian in Shaanxi on the Wei River above its confluence with the Huang He (Yellow River). The chancellor of Wei, Sunshu Ao, who served King Zhuang of Chu, dammed a river to create an enormous irrigation reservoir in modern-day northern Anhui province. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. [35] In 403 BC, the Zhou court recognized Han, Zhao, and Wei as fully independent states. With King You dead, a conclave of nobles met at Shen and declared the Marquis's grandson King Ping. [40] After the Zhou came to power, the mandate became a political tool. At that point, when the individual is in accord with the ineffable Way, life becomes spontaneous, natural, and effortless. Like other young men of similar background, he had access to an education and could aspire to serve in some capacity in a feudal state, perhaps at the lords court, or as an official or soldier. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. Consequently, society will become more orderly. The period before 771 bce is usually known as the Xi (Western) Zhou dynasty, and that from 770 is known as the Dong (Eastern) Zhou dynasty. In later centuries, the Daoism of these early philosophers was taken in new directions. They know the golden rule: what you would not want for yourself, he taught, do not do to others. (15.23) Confucius emphasized that a society cannot function if people are incapable of taking others perspectives and doing their best for them. [] According to the Zou commentary, the son of heaven divided land among his feudal lords, his feudal lords divided the land among their dependent families and so forth down the pecking order to the officers who had their dependent kin and the commoners who "each had his apportioned relations and all had their graded precedence""[44], This type of unilineal descent-group later became the model of the Korean family through the influence of Neo-Confucianism, as Zhu Xi and others advocated its re-establishment in China.[45]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Duke Hui of Wei, in 344 BC, was the first to claim the royal title of king (Chinese: ) for himself. The Zhou dynasty had formally collapsed only 35 years earlier, although the dynasty had only nominal power at that point. (ed. The definition of the Way was broadened to include the idea that individuals have a spiritual essence in need of harmonizing and liberation. During the last centuries of the Zhou, women's roles became increasingly formalized and idealized. [11] He even received sacrifice as a harvest god. This practice meant that lesser but related aristocratic lineages lived in estates across each nobles territory, while also serving as ministers at his court. Marriage and Family, Shanghai. It is therefore not surprising that during this time some of Chinas greatest military treatises were written, most notably the Art of War by Master Sun [sue-in]. A person of humanity is, for instance, one who is capable of empathy and unselfish concern for the welfare of others. There were many similarities between the decentralized systems. Lords of the seven most powerful states lost respect for the Zhou kings and even assumed the same title, thus claiming the right to unify all of China under their rule. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He believed that the nobility was honorable, observed moral codes, and upheld social standards. So thoroughly did the Han dynasty establish what was thereafter considered Chinese culture that "Han" became the Chinese word denoting someone who is ethnically Chinese. He believed that, during the early Zhou, the nobility was honorable, observed moral codes, and upheld social standards. At that point, when the individual is in accord with the ineffable Way, life becomes spontaneous, natural, and effortless. Zhou Li Wang was a money grabber and out for his own personal interest. They know the golden rule: what you would not want for yourself, he taught, do not do to others. (15.23) Confucius emphasized that a society cannot function if people are incapable of taking others perspectives and doing their best for them. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. With the decline of the feudal kings power, de facto power fluctuated among various of the feudal chiefs as they were able to make themselves overlords. The first qualification for a ruler or one who serves is moral rectitude. overthrew the last Shang king and formed a new dynasty about 1100 BC. [17][e] The Zhou emulated extensively Shang cultural practices, perhaps to legitimize their own rule,[20] and became the successors to Shang culture.

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